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Tirkarūr, a small town nestled within the verdant landscape of Kerala, India, occupies a low-lying position at approximately 10.0667°N latitude and 76.6167°E longitude. Its geography is fundamentally shaped by the coastal plains of the Arabian Sea, though Tirkarūr itself is not directly on the coast, lying inland within the Kollam district. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the Kerala coastal belt, with gentle undulations and a network of backwaters and canals that permeate the region. This proximity to the Arabian Sea introduces high humidity and influences local wind patterns. Surrounding Tirkarūr are extensive coconut plantations and paddy fields, representing a significant agricultural zone. While not a major industrial hub, the broader Kollam district does contain cashew processing units and small-scale manufacturing, contributing to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Tirkarūr is a relatively small settlement surrounded by a predominantly rural agricultural landscape. This impacts air quality as agricultural practices, including seasonal burning of crop residue, can contribute to particulate matter. The dense vegetation, while beneficial for carbon sequestration, can also trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, exacerbating localised air quality issues. The town’s relatively low elevation further limits atmospheric dispersion.

Tirkarūr experiences a tropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons dictating air quality patterns. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings heavy rainfall which effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere, resulting in generally improved air quality during these months. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October to February constitutes the drier season, marked by calmer winds and increased potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near ground level. This period often sees a rise in dust and particulate matter from construction and agricultural activities. March to May is the hottest and driest period, with strong convective activity that can temporarily disperse pollutants, but also increases the risk of wildfires and associated smoke. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the drier months, particularly February to May. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak heat hours and monitoring personal health are crucial. The monsoon season, while offering cleaner air, also brings the risk of waterborne diseases, necessitating preventative measures. Overall, the wet season offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity.