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Ulliyeri, nestled within the verdant landscape of Kerala, India, is a municipality situated in Kozhikode district. Located at approximately 11.4333°N latitude and 75.7833°E longitude, the town occupies a relatively low-lying area, generally under 50 meters above sea level, within the broader Malabar Coast region. This proximity to the Arabian Sea exerts a significant influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The terrain is characterised by undulating hills and fertile plains, typical of Kerala’s coastal geography. Ulliyeri is surrounded by lush agricultural lands, primarily focused on spices, rubber, and coconut cultivation. While not a major industrial hub itself, its location within a region experiencing increasing industrial activity in nearby Kozhikode city and Feroke presents a potential source of pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Ulliyeri retains a semi-rural character, but is increasingly influenced by the expanding urban sprawl from Kozhikode. This transition brings increased vehicular traffic and construction, contributing to localised air pollution. The dense vegetation surrounding Ulliyeri offers some natural filtration, but the prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by the sea breeze and monsoon systems, can transport pollutants from regional sources directly into the town. The relatively flat topography can also contribute to the trapping of pollutants during periods of calm weather.

Ulliyeri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and inter-monsoon periods. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, generally brings cleaner air. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can lead to reduced sunlight and potential temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground during calmer periods within the monsoon. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual increase in pollution as agricultural burning becomes common, releasing smoke and particulate matter. This is often coupled with calmer winds. The winter months (December-February) represent the driest period and often experience the poorest air quality. Reduced rainfall allows pollutants to accumulate, and temperature inversions are more frequent, particularly in the mornings. March-May, the pre-monsoon period, sees rising temperatures and increased dust levels, exacerbating air quality issues. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons. Monitoring local weather reports and avoiding peak traffic hours are advisable. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, but caution is still needed during calmer spells.