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Veliyangōd, nestled in the Thrissur district of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the state’s verdant landscape. Located at approximately 10.73° N latitude and 75.95° E longitude, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 65 meters (213 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding terrain is characterized by undulating hills and fertile plains, typical of Kerala’s central region. The proximity to the Chalakudy River, a major tributary of the Periyar River, influences local humidity and microclimates. Veliyangōd’s urban character is that of a rapidly developing town, transitioning from a predominantly agricultural setting to a more diversified economy with increasing commercial activity. The urban–rural gradient is noticeable, with agricultural fields and smaller villages defining the immediate periphery. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the town’s connectivity to Thrissur and Kochi, both possessing industrial zones, means that pollutants can be transported via prevailing winds. The region’s dominant land use is agriculture, primarily rice cultivation and coconut plantations, which can contribute to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods. The landscape’s dense vegetation generally aids in air purification, but increased vehicular traffic and construction activities are gradually impacting local air quality. The town’s location within a monsoon-influenced region also means that rainfall patterns significantly affect pollutant dispersion and deposition.

Veliyangōd’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Kerala’s monsoon climate. The southwest monsoon, typically spanning from June to September, brings frequent rainfall and strong winds, effectively flushing out accumulated pollutants and generally improving air quality. This period is often the most favourable for outdoor activities, although occasional heavy downpours can temporarily reduce visibility. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) is often the most challenging. Rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall create conditions conducive to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. Stagnant air masses during this period exacerbate the issue, leading to a build-up of particulate matter and potentially gaseous pollutants from local sources like vehicular emissions and agricultural burning. The northeast monsoon (October-November) brings lighter rainfall and less intense winds compared to the southwest monsoon, offering a moderate improvement in air quality. Winter months (December-February) are generally mild, with relatively low humidity and occasional fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce air quality, particularly in the mornings. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon season and foggy winter mornings, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and considering the use of air purifiers indoors. Agricultural practices, particularly post-harvest burning, can contribute to localized pollution spikes during these periods. Maintaining green spaces and promoting sustainable transportation are crucial for mitigating air quality concerns throughout the year.