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Ashoknagar, nestled in the heart of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Malwa Plateau. Located at approximately 24.58°N, 77.73°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characterized by gently sloping plains and scattered rocky outcrops typical of the plateau landscape. The elevation averages around 319 meters (1047 feet) above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. Surrounding Ashoknagar is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to soybean, wheat, and pulses, contributing to seasonal dust and biomass burning episodes. To the east, the landscape gradually transitions into more forested areas, offering some natural air filtration, though these forests are increasingly fragmented. The city’s urban footprint is relatively compact, exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. While Ashoknagar lacks direct proximity to major rivers or lakes, the nearby Sukhi river provides a limited influence on local humidity and temperature. The region’s connectivity to industrial belts in nearby cities like Bhopal and Gwalior, via road networks, facilitates the transport of pollutants. The plateau’s topography, combined with the agricultural practices and regional connectivity, creates a unique setting where local emissions interact with broader atmospheric circulation patterns, significantly impacting Ashoknagar’s air quality. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the monsoon system, play a crucial role in dispersing or trapping pollutants within the city and its immediate surroundings.

Ashoknagar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and agricultural practices. The dry season, spanning roughly October to May, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to increased dust levels, exacerbated by agricultural residue burning after the harvest season (November-December). Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of December and January, trap pollutants close to the ground, intensifying localized air pollution. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) is characterized by rising temperatures and dry winds, often leading to elevated dust levels and a build-up of pollutants. Spring (February-March) offers a brief respite with slightly improved air quality compared to the dry season's peak. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning and temperature inversions. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing masks are advisable. The monsoon months generally provide a more favourable environment for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding humidity-related health concerns remains important.