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Barghāt, nestled in the Narmada Valley of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader landscape of central India. Located at approximately 22.0306° N, 79.7328° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly alluvial, a direct consequence of the Narmada River’s long-standing depositional activity. The surrounding landscape is characterized by fertile plains, gradually transitioning into the Satpura Range to the south and east, providing a backdrop of rolling hills and forested areas. Barghāt’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 170 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific conditions. The proximity to the Narmada River, a vital lifeline for the region, influences local humidity and can impact the dispersion of pollutants, sometimes trapping them during periods of low wind. The urban–rural gradient around Barghāt is relatively gradual, with agricultural lands dominating the immediate periphery. This agricultural activity, while crucial for the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution through practices like crop residue burning. Further afield, the industrial belt of Jabalpur, approximately 100 kilometers to the northeast, represents a potential source of transboundary air pollution, impacting Barghāt’s air quality depending on prevailing wind patterns. The city’s small population (13,742) suggests a primarily rural character, with limited industrial presence within Barghāt itself, though regional influences are undeniable.

Barghāt’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the interplay of meteorological factors and regional activities. The dry season, spanning roughly from October to May, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to the accumulation of pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights, trap emissions close to the ground, exacerbating the problem. Agricultural practices, particularly the burning of crop residue after the harvest season (November-December), significantly elevate particulate matter levels. The summer months (April-May) bring intense heat, which can increase ozone formation, although this is less pronounced than in more industrialized urban areas. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite. The increased rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, and stronger winds disperse any remaining emissions. Humidity levels rise, further reducing the concentration of particulate matter. Fog, a frequent occurrence in the early morning during the winter months (December-January), can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of crop residue burning and fog. Outdoor activities are generally best avoided during these times, and the use of air purifiers indoors is recommended. The transitional months of March and October offer relatively improved air quality, making them more favourable for outdoor pursuits.