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Nestled in the northern reaches of Madhya Pradesh, Datia occupies a strategic position at the crossroads of the Bundelkhand region, approximately 75 kilometres from Gwalior and 25 kilometres from Jhansi in Uttar Pradesh. Situated at coordinates 25.6700°N, 78.4600°E, this historic city lies at an elevation of around 300 metres above sea level on the Malwa Plateau, with the Betwa River flowing nearby, though not directly through the urban core. The terrain is characterised by undulating plains and rocky outcrops typical of the Bundelkhand landscape, which contributes to significant road dust generation from unpaved surfaces and construction activities. Datia's urban character blends ancient heritage sites like the Datia Palace with expanding peri-urban zones, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient where agricultural fields meet growing residential areas. This geography places Datia within a predominantly agricultural zone, surrounded by farmlands that practice stubble burning, while lacking major industrial belts. The city's location in a semi-arid region with limited natural ventilation corridors exacerbates air pollution accumulation, as particulate matter from domestic biomass burning, vehicle exhaust, and construction dust becomes trapped in the basin-like topography. Proximity to National Highway 44 increases exposure to transport emissions, while the absence of large water bodies within the immediate urban area reduces natural cleansing mechanisms, making Datia particularly vulnerable to poor air quality episodes influenced by both local sources and regional agricultural practices.

Datia's air quality follows a pronounced seasonal rhythm shaped by its tropical wet-and-dry climate. During the winter months from October to February, pollution peaks dramatically as cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground. This period coincides with post-monsoon agricultural burning in surrounding farmlands and increased domestic biomass burning for heating, creating a toxic mix of particulate matter that lingers in the still air. Sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions should minimise outdoor activities during these months, especially in the early mornings when fog combines with pollutants to form dense smog. The summer season from March to June brings extreme heat that elevates ground-level ozone formation, though stronger daytime winds provide some dispersion of particulate matter—making late evenings the best time for limited outdoor exertion. The monsoon from July to September offers the cleanest air as heavy rains wash away pollutants and winds disperse emissions, making this the most favourable period for outdoor activities. However, thunderstorms can temporarily stir up dust and allergens. Throughout the year, residents should monitor local air quality advisories, use air purifiers indoors during peak pollution months, and plan essential outdoor activities for midday when inversion layers are weakest, particularly during the hazardous winter period.