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Dhāmnod, nestled in the heart of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Malwa Plateau. Located at approximately 22.2093° N, 75.4706° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the plateau landscape. Its elevation, around 318 meters (1043 feet) above sea level, contributes to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, which can, at times, exacerbate pollution accumulation. Dhāmnod’s surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural fields – primarily wheat, soybean, and cotton – and scattered deciduous forests, typical of the region’s monsoon climate. The urban–rural gradient transitions swiftly, with agricultural land dominating the immediate periphery. While Dhāmnod lacks direct proximity to major rivers or lakes, the Betwa River flows approximately 60 kilometers to the east, influencing regional weather patterns and potentially impacting long-range pollutant transport. The city’s regional position places it within a zone experiencing agricultural burning during the post-monsoon season, a significant contributor to particulate matter. Furthermore, Dhāmnod’s location within a broader agricultural belt means it’s susceptible to dust storms originating from the Thar Desert to the west, particularly during the pre-monsoon months. The relatively flat terrain surrounding the city, combined with the plateau’s inherent atmospheric stability, can lead to stagnant air conditions, hindering pollutant dispersion and increasing local concentrations. Industrial activity, though currently limited, is gradually increasing, primarily focused on food processing and small-scale manufacturing, adding to the potential for localised air quality concerns.

Dhāmnod’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its monsoon-influenced climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice following the winter harvest, releases substantial quantities of particulate matter and gases, creating a persistent haze. Dry, warm winds exacerbate the situation, preventing effective dispersion. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localised flooding and associated waterborne disease risks. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a resurgence of agricultural burning, though generally less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Fog, prevalent during these months, further reduces visibility and traps pollutants. Winter (December-February) generally offers the best air quality, with cooler temperatures and occasional wind patterns aiding dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks. During periods of heavy agricultural burning, staying indoors with windows closed is advisable. The monsoon months offer a window for increased outdoor activity, but vigilance regarding waterborne illnesses remains crucial. Regular monitoring of local weather conditions and public health advisories is recommended throughout the year to mitigate potential health risks associated with fluctuating air quality.