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Dharampuri, a small city nestled within the state of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain at an elevation of approximately 344 meters (1129 feet). Its coordinates (22.1495°N, 75.3444°E) place it within the Satpura region, though the immediate surroundings are characterised by the Malwa Plateau’s gentle undulations. The city’s location isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and tributaries likely flow seasonally, influencing local humidity. Dharampuri’s air quality is significantly shaped by its position within an agricultural heartland, with surrounding areas dedicated to cotton, soybean, and wheat cultivation. The use of agricultural machinery and potential for crop residue burning contribute to particulate matter. While not a major industrial hub itself, Dharampuri’s proximity to larger industrial areas in Madhya Pradesh means long-range transport of pollutants is a factor. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; the city centre experiences higher concentrations of vehicular emissions and domestic fuel burning, while surrounding villages rely more heavily on biomass for cooking and heating. This creates a complex pollution profile, varying with distance from the city core and prevailing wind directions. The relatively low elevation can also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Dharampuri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, often sees a deterioration in air quality due to stagnant air and the practice of crop residue burning following the harvest season. Cooler temperatures and the onset of temperature inversions exacerbate the problem, trapping pollutants close to the ground. December and January represent the coolest months, with increased reliance on solid fuels for heating, further contributing to particulate matter. The pre-monsoon months, March to May, are characterised by rising temperatures and dust storms, elevating levels of coarse particulate matter (PM10). The monsoon season, from June to September, generally brings relief, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to reduced dispersion of pollutants. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding outdoor activity during October-November and March-May is advisable. Children and the elderly should be particularly cautious during these periods. Maintaining good ventilation indoors and using air purifiers can offer some protection. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, though mould growth can be a concern.