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Guh, nestled in the heart of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Narmada River basin. Located at approximately 24.5026° N, 81.5004° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the Deccan Plateau’s edge. The elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. Guh’s proximity to the Narmada River, a vital waterway, offers some degree of humidity, but also presents potential for localized water vapor impacting pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural fields – primarily cultivating crops like wheat, soybean, and pulses – and scattered deciduous forests, typical of the region’s monsoon climate. This agricultural activity, particularly during harvest seasons, introduces biomass burning as a significant source of particulate matter. The urban–rural gradient around Guh is relatively gradual; the town itself is small, with a population of just over 16,000, meaning industrial activity is limited within its immediate boundaries. However, it lies within a broader regional network connected to larger industrial belts further east, potentially experiencing transboundary pollution drift. The plateau’s topography can trap pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, can carry pollutants from upstream agricultural areas and distant industrial zones, impacting Guh’s air quality. The relatively flat surrounding plains offer little impediment to this transport, making Guh susceptible to regional pollution events.

Guh’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its tropical monsoon climate. The dry season, spanning roughly October to May, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall create conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler evenings and mornings, trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the problem. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice for clearing fields after the harvest, peaks in November and December, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and contributing significantly to the overall pollution load. The monsoon season (June to September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. However, the onset of the monsoon can be preceded by periods of stagnant air and fog, particularly in late September and early October, which can temporarily worsen air quality. The summer months (April and May) are characterized by high temperatures and dry winds, which can increase ozone formation, although this is generally less of a concern than particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing masks can help mitigate exposure. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, vigilance is still advised during periods of fog or stagnant air.