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Khilchipur, nestled in the Morena district of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Chambal Valley. Located at approximately 24.0394° N, 76.5780° E, the town sits on a relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain’s southern fringe. The elevation is modest, around 170 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with fertile fields of wheat, pulses, and oilseeds stretching as far as the eye can see. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital for the regional economy, introduces a significant source of particulate matter through crop residue burning, particularly during post-harvest seasons. Khilchipur’s proximity to the Chambal River, though not directly adjacent, influences local humidity and can impact the dispersion of pollutants. The town exhibits a clear urban-rural gradient; Khilchipur itself is a small, developing urban centre, while the immediate periphery is dominated by rural settlements and agricultural land. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding Khilchipur, however, larger industrial areas in Morena and surrounding districts can contribute to regional air pollution transported by prevailing winds. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of low wind speed. The local climate, characterized by hot summers and mild winters, further influences atmospheric stability and pollutant behaviour, with temperature inversions more likely to occur during cooler months.

Khilchipur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of meteorological factors and local activities. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures exacerbate the effects of agricultural burning, releasing substantial amounts of smoke and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Stagnant air conditions, often associated with temperature inversions, trap these pollutants close to the ground, leading to increased respiratory irritation. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite, as rainfall effectively washes away pollutants and strong winds disperse any remaining contaminants. Humidity increases, which can affect the perception of air quality, though generally, this period offers the cleanest air. The post-monsoon season (October-November) presents a concerning trend. Farmers engage in widespread crop residue burning to clear fields for the next planting cycle, resulting in a significant spike in particulate matter. Fog, common during these months, further restricts visibility and traps pollutants. Winter (December-February) is generally cooler, with occasional temperature inversions that can worsen air quality, particularly in the early morning hours. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, especially on days with visible smoke or fog. Wearing masks and avoiding strenuous activity can also mitigate exposure.