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Kukshi, nestled in the Dhār district of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Malwa Plateau. Located at approximately 22.2068° N latitude and 74.7579° E longitude, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 550 meters (1800 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions of the state. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating hills and fertile agricultural land, a typical feature of the Malwa region. Kukshi’s proximity to the dense agricultural belt of Madhya Pradesh is a crucial factor influencing its air quality. The dominant land use is rural, with a gradual urban–rural gradient as one approaches the town center. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the region receives water from seasonal streams and relies on groundwater resources, impacting local humidity levels which can influence pollutant dispersion. The town itself exhibits a relatively low-density urban character, with a mix of residential areas, small-scale commercial establishments, and agricultural processing units. The plateau terrain, combined with the prevailing wind patterns, can sometimes lead to localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The absence of large-scale industrial zones immediately surrounding Kukshi mitigates some pollution risks, but agricultural practices, including stubble burning after harvests, and vehicular emissions from the growing population, remain key contributors to local air quality challenges. The regional position, far from major metropolitan centers, means Kukshi’s air quality is more directly influenced by local and regional factors than by long-range transport of pollutants.

Kukshi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning from June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants due to frequent rainfall and increased humidity, effectively washing away particulate matter and reducing gaseous pollutants. However, the preceding pre-monsoon months (March-May) often witness a concerning rise in air quality degradation. High temperatures exacerbate the formation of ground-level ozone, while stagnant air masses and temperature inversions trap pollutants near the surface. Agricultural activities, particularly the burning of crop residue after the harvest season, significantly contribute to particulate matter pollution during this period. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures begin to cool, but the risk of stubble burning persists, leading to intermittent spikes in pollution. Winter months (December-February) are generally characterized by cooler temperatures and calmer winds, which can lead to the formation of fog, further trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exertion and avoiding areas with visible smoke. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also be beneficial. The monsoon months offer the most favorable conditions for outdoor activities, although occasional heavy rainfall can still impact visibility and air quality. Awareness campaigns promoting sustainable agricultural practices and reducing vehicular emissions are crucial for mitigating air pollution throughout the year.