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Kurāwar, nestled in the heart of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Malwa Plateau. Its coordinates (23.5118, 77.0246) place it amidst a gently undulating terrain, characteristic of the plateau landscape. The city’s elevation, approximately 318 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, which can, at times, exacerbate pollution accumulation. Kurāwar’s surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with vast stretches of farmland dedicated to crops like wheat, cotton, and pulses. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices introduces sources of particulate matter, including dust from tilling and burning of crop residue, particularly during post-harvest seasons. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the region experiences seasonal rainfall, influencing humidity levels and impacting pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Kurāwar is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings transitioning seamlessly into the city’s periphery. The absence of significant industrial belts immediately bordering Kurāwar is a mitigating factor, though regional industrial activity in nearby districts can still contribute to transboundary pollution. The plateau’s geological composition, largely consisting of basaltic rock, can also influence dust generation. The prevailing wind patterns, generally from the west, play a crucial role in transporting pollutants, either dispersing them or concentrating them depending on regional emission sources and meteorological conditions. The relatively flat terrain limits vertical mixing, potentially trapping pollutants closer to ground level.

Kurāwar’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, spanning roughly October to May, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall lead to increased dust suspension from agricultural activities and construction. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler evenings and mornings, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their concentration. November and December often experience dense fog, further restricting pollutant dispersion and creating stagnant air conditions. The peak pollution period generally occurs in January and February, coinciding with post-harvest burning and minimal wind speeds. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased wind speeds facilitate dispersion. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and localized flooding, which can temporarily elevate levels of certain pollutants. March and April see a gradual improvement as winds pick up and temperatures rise, though dust storms remain a concern. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of fog or dust storms. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks are advisable. The transitional months of October and May offer relatively better air quality, making them more favourable for outdoor activities, though vigilance remains important.