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Maheshwar, nestled in the Khargone district of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a significant geographical position on the banks of the Narmada River at coordinates 22.1100°N, 75.3500°E. The town’s terrain is characterised by the undulating plains of the Malwa Plateau, gently sloping towards the Narmada. This riverine location, while historically vital for trade and irrigation, also influences air quality by potentially trapping pollutants during temperature inversions, particularly in the cooler months. Maheshwar’s urban character is defined by its historical fort, temples, and a growing textile industry. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with fields of cotton, wheat, and other crops dominating the rural areas immediately outside the town. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from densely populated areas near the riverfront to agricultural lands. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the presence of textile mills contributes to localised emissions. Dust from agricultural activities, particularly during harvest seasons, also impacts air quality. The Narmada River itself, while a source of life, can contribute to humidity and potentially exacerbate the effects of pollutants. The town’s elevation, relatively low-lying, doesn’t offer significant atmospheric dispersion.

Maheshwar experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The summer months (March-May) see rising temperatures and dry conditions, leading to increased dust suspension from agricultural lands and construction activities, potentially worsening air quality. Hot, dry winds can carry pollutants from surrounding regions. The arrival of the monsoon in June-September brings significant relief, with rainfall effectively washing away particulate matter and improving air quality. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Post-monsoon (October-November) often sees a deterioration in air quality as temperatures cool and wind speeds decrease, creating conditions for temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This period, coupled with crop residue burning in surrounding agricultural areas, is often the most polluted. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and calmer winds, exacerbating the effects of temperature inversions and trapping pollutants from domestic fuel burning. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the post-monsoon and winter months. Avoiding peak hours and using masks can offer some protection.