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Mhow, a historical cantonment town in Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Malwa Plateau. Located at approximately 22.55°N, 75.76°E and an elevation of around 530 meters (1739 feet) above sea level, the city’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the plateau landscape. The surrounding region is a mix of agricultural land, primarily cultivating wheat, cotton, and pulses, interspersed with pockets of scrubland and grasslands. This agricultural activity, particularly during harvest seasons, contributes to localised particulate matter pollution. Mhow’s proximity to Indore, a major industrial and commercial hub roughly 30 kilometers to the north, means it is susceptible to the spillover of industrial emissions, though the distance mitigates the direct impact somewhat. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural fields and smaller villages bordering the town’s limits. The lack of significant bodies of water within immediate proximity—no major rivers or lakes—limits natural air purification processes. The plateau’s topography can also lead to stagnant air conditions, especially during periods of low wind speed, exacerbating the accumulation of pollutants. Historically, Mhow’s role as a military establishment shaped its urban character, resulting in a planned layout with wider roads and green spaces compared to many other towns in the region, though this doesn't entirely offset the impact of external pollution sources and agricultural practices. The prevailing winds generally flow from the west, carrying pollutants from the industrial belt towards the east.

Mhow’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate, exhibiting a clear wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, witnesses the most concerning air quality conditions. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to the accumulation of dust and particulate matter, exacerbated by agricultural burning practices as farmers clear fields after harvest. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler evenings and mornings, trap pollutants close to the ground, further degrading air quality. November and December often experience dense fog, which restricts dispersion and intensifies the impact of existing pollutants. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and significantly improving air quality. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by dust storms. The summer months (April and May) are characterized by high temperatures and dry winds, which can stir up dust and contribute to elevated particulate levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning and fog. Outdoor activities are generally best avoided during the early morning and late evening hours in the dry season. The transition months of March and October present a moderate risk, with air quality fluctuating as the climate shifts between dry and wet conditions. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable during peak pollution periods.