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Rehli, nestled in the Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Bundelkhand region, a landscape characterized by undulating terrain and a gradual transition from the Deccan Plateau to the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 23.63°N, 79.08°E, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 335 meters (1099 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively moderate climate. Rehli’s surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, comprising agricultural fields – primarily cultivating pulses, oilseeds, and cereals – interspersed with pockets of deciduous forests. The terrain is gently sloping, which can influence local wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants. While Rehli itself lacks immediate proximity to major rivers or lakes, the Betwa River flows within a reasonable distance, impacting regional humidity and potentially influencing atmospheric stability. The urban–rural gradient around Rehli is relatively smooth; the city serves as a local trading and administrative hub for the surrounding agricultural communities. The Bundelkhand region is known for its geological formations, including granite and sandstone, which can contribute to particulate matter in the air, particularly during dry periods. The city’s location within a broader agricultural belt means that seasonal agricultural practices, such as stubble burning after harvests, can significantly impact local air quality. The relatively flat topography, combined with the prevailing wind patterns, can lead to the accumulation of pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed and temperature inversions. The absence of significant industrial zones directly within Rehli mitigates some pollution sources, but emissions from nearby towns and transportation contribute to the overall air quality profile.

Rehli’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The summer months (March to May) are typically characterized by hot, dry conditions and a significant increase in particulate matter. Low humidity and stagnant air, often exacerbated by temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground, contribute to poorer air quality during this period. Dust storms, common during this season, further elevate particulate levels. The monsoon season (June to September) brings relief, with increased rainfall washing away pollutants and stronger winds dispersing them. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the release of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from vegetation, which can react with other pollutants to form secondary pollutants. The post-monsoon season (October to November) often sees a resurgence of poor air quality as agricultural activities intensify, particularly stubble burning in surrounding fields. This practice releases significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter. Winter months (December to February) are generally cooler, with frequent fog formation. Fog traps pollutants close to the ground, leading to reduced visibility and elevated concentrations of certain pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours. During foggy winter mornings, it’s advisable to wear masks and avoid strenuous outdoor exertion. The monsoon provides a natural cleansing period, making it the most favourable time for outdoor activities, although humidity levels should still be considered.