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Shāhpur, a small city nestled within the state of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain at an elevation of approximately 210 meters (689 feet). Its coordinates (21.2374, 76.2256) place it within a predominantly rural landscape, though increasingly influenced by regional urbanisation. The city is not directly adjacent to any major bodies of water, though smaller seasonal streams and tributaries likely traverse the surrounding areas, impacting local humidity and dust suspension. Shāhpur’s location within the central Indian plateau means it experiences a distinct seasonal climate. The surrounding landscape is characterised by agricultural lands, primarily cultivating cotton, wheat, and pulses, with some pockets of deciduous forest further afield. This agricultural activity contributes to seasonal biomass burning, a significant source of particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Shāhpur serves as a market and service centre for surrounding villages, leading to increased vehicular traffic and localised emissions. The lack of significant topographical features – hills or valleys – limits natural ventilation, potentially exacerbating pollution build-up during stagnant weather conditions. Proximity to larger industrial centres in Madhya Pradesh, while not immediately adjacent, can contribute to long-range transport of pollutants, impacting Shāhpur’s air quality. The city’s relatively small size means emissions are concentrated, making localised sources particularly impactful.

Shāhpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, often sees a deterioration in air quality due to the practice of agricultural stubble burning following the harvest season. Calm winds and temperature inversions during these months trap pollutants near the ground. Winter, from December to February, brings cooler temperatures and increased use of solid fuels for heating, further contributing to particulate matter concentrations. The pre-monsoon months, March to May, are characterised by rising temperatures and dust storms, elevating levels of coarse particulate matter (PM10). These are the least favourable months for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The arrival of the monsoon in June-September brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to stagnant air. August and September, while offering cleaner air, can also experience localised flooding, potentially releasing contaminants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak emission times are crucial for mitigating health risks.