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Sheopur, nestled in the northern reaches of Madhya Pradesh, India, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located at 25.6700°N, 76.7000°E, the city sits on the periphery of the Vindhyan Range, characterized by undulating terrain and rocky outcrops. The Chambal River, a major tributary of the Yamuna, flows nearby, though its influence on local air circulation is limited due to the distance. Sheopur’s elevation is relatively modest, around 165 meters, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of dry deciduous forests and agricultural lands, primarily focused on wheat, oilseeds, and pulses. A significant portion of the regional economy relies on agriculture, with associated practices like crop residue burning contributing to seasonal pollution spikes. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Sheopur itself is a relatively small city, but is increasingly connected to larger regional centres. The proximity to Gwalior, a more industrialized city, also introduces potential for long-range pollutant transport. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities, common in a developing urban area, further compounds the air quality challenges. The terrain’s limited capacity for air flushing, combined with agricultural and regional industrial influences, creates a localized air quality vulnerability.

Sheopur experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The summer months (March-May) see rising temperatures and dry winds, exacerbating dust pollution from construction and agricultural activities. This period often experiences moderate air quality issues. The arrival of the monsoon in late June/early July brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, stagnant conditions during periods of weak monsoon activity can lead to localized pollution build-up. Post-monsoon (October-November) is arguably the most challenging period. Cooler temperatures create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, while widespread crop residue burning following the harvest season dramatically increases particulate matter concentrations. This is a period to avoid strenuous outdoor activity. Winter (December-February) sees consistently cooler temperatures and often foggy conditions, further limiting atmospheric dispersion. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during post-monsoon and winter months. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak burning times are crucial for mitigating health risks. The monsoon season offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.