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Sohāgpur, nestled in the heart of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Narmada River basin. Located at approximately 22.7°N, 78.2°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the Deccan Plateau’s edge. The elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. Sohāgpur’s proximity to the Narmada River, a vital waterway, offers some degree of humidity, but also presents potential for localized water vapor impacting pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural fields – primarily cultivating cotton, wheat, and pulses – and scattered deciduous forests, typical of the region’s monsoon climate. This agricultural activity, while crucial for the local economy, introduces sources of particulate matter through seasonal burning and fertilizer use. The urban–rural gradient around Sohāgpur is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural hamlets seamlessly transitioning into the city’s periphery. Further afield, the industrial belt of Indore, approximately 150 kilometers to the west, can occasionally influence Sohāgpur’s air quality through long-range transport of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant atmospheric conditions. The city’s relatively small size (population 25,040) means that local emissions from vehicular traffic and small-scale industries are the primary drivers of air quality concerns, though regional factors play a modulating role. The plateau’s topography can trap pollutants, especially during cooler months, exacerbating localized air quality issues.

Sohāgpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing humidity create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the planting season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing them. Humidity increases, further aiding in pollutant removal. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a slight deterioration in air quality. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. The fog, combined with reduced wind speeds, creates stagnant air conditions, particularly in the early morning hours. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution times. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The monsoon season offers the most favorable conditions for outdoor activities, while the transitional months require vigilance and awareness of potential air quality fluctuations. Awareness campaigns promoting cleaner agricultural practices and reduced vehicular emissions are crucial for mitigating seasonal air quality challenges.