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Tīkar, nestled in the heart of Madhya Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Narmada River basin. Located at approximately 24.4194° N, 81.3776° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the Deccan Plateau’s gradual slope towards the plains. Its elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily cultivating pulses, oilseeds, and cereals – interspersed with pockets of deciduous forests, typical of the region’s monsoon climate. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces seasonal biomass burning as a potential pollution source, particularly during harvest periods. Tīkar’s urban character is that of a small, developing town, with a relatively low population density. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land quickly transitioning to residential areas. While Tīkar itself lacks major heavy industries, it sits within a broader regional industrial belt centered around Indore, approximately 150 kilometers away. This distance means that industrial emissions, though not directly impacting Tīkar, can be transported by prevailing winds, contributing to background pollution levels. The Narmada River, though not immediately adjacent, plays a crucial role in the regional hydrology, influencing humidity and potentially affecting the dispersion of pollutants. The relatively flat surrounding plains can also lead to stagnant air conditions, especially during periods of low wind speed, exacerbating local air quality challenges.

Tīkar’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, spanning roughly October to May, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. During these months, lower humidity and reduced rainfall contribute to the accumulation of pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler evenings and mornings, trap pollutants close to the ground, intensifying their impact. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice following the harvest of crops, significantly elevates particulate matter concentrations during November and December. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief through frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds, effectively flushing out pollutants and leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, the onset of the monsoon can be preceded by periods of dense fog, particularly in October and November, which can temporarily worsen air quality by trapping pollutants. The summer months (April and May) are characterized by high temperatures and dry winds, which can exacerbate the effects of existing pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning and fog. Outdoor activities are generally best avoided during the early morning hours in the dry season when temperature inversions are most prevalent. During the monsoon, while air quality is generally better, heavy rainfall can lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from waterlogged areas, so vigilance is still advised.