Pune, situated in the western Indian state of Maharashtra, occupies a strategic position on the Deccan Plateau at an elevation of approximately 560 meters above sea level, which significantly influences its air quality dynamics. Nestled between the Western Ghats to the west and the Deccan plains to the east, the city lies in the rain shadow region, contributing to its tropical wet-and-dry climate. The urban landscape is characterized by a mix of historical core areas and rapidly expanding suburbs, with the Mula and Mutha rivers flowing through the city, though these water bodies are often polluted and do little to mitigate airborne contaminants. Pune's geography creates a natural basin-like terrain, surrounded by hills that can trap pollutants, especially during cooler months when temperature inversions occur. The city's proximity to major industrial belts in Pimpri-Chinchwad and Chakan to the north introduces significant industrial emissions, while the urban-rural gradient sees increasing construction dust and brick kilns in periurban zones. This combination of topography, industrial adjacency, and urban sprawl creates a complex air pollution scenario where geographical features both moderate and exacerbate pollution levels depending on seasonal weather patterns.

Pune's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern driven by its tropical wet-and-dry climate and meteorological conditions. During the winter months from November to February, pollution peaks dramatically due to several converging factors: cooler temperatures create frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants close to the ground, while calm winds and morning fog further inhibit dispersion. This period sees the highest concentrations of vehicle exhaust, construction dust, and industrial emissions, making outdoor activities particularly hazardous, especially for sensitive groups like children, elderly, and those with respiratory conditions who should limit exposure and use protective masks. The summer months from March to May bring higher temperatures and stronger winds that help disperse pollutants somewhat, though dust storms and increased construction activity can still cause moderate pollution levels. The monsoon season from June to September provides significant relief as heavy rainfall washes pollutants from the air, resulting in the cleanest air of the year—ideal for outdoor activities. Post-monsoon months see a gradual deterioration as dry conditions return and agricultural burning in surrounding areas may contribute to pollution. Understanding these seasonal variations allows residents to plan activities accordingly, with winter requiring maximum precautions and monsoon offering the safest conditions for outdoor pursuits.