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Berhampur, situated in the Ganjam district of Odisha along India's eastern coastline, occupies a strategic position at the transition between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. The city's coordinates at 19.3150°N, 84.7941°E place it approximately 15 kilometers inland from the coast, with an average elevation of just 26 meters above sea level, creating a low-lying urban landscape that profoundly influences air quality dynamics. Berhampur's urban character blends traditional silk weaving industries with growing commercial and residential development, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient where the city center's pollution sources gradually give way to agricultural zones and coastal ecosystems. The surrounding landscape features the Rushikulya River flowing to the south and the Chilika Lake—Asia's largest brackish water lagoon—positioned to the northeast, both of which can influence local humidity and particulate dispersion patterns. Berhampur's location within Odisha's industrial corridor, with proximity to major ports like Gopalpur and Paradip, means it experiences transport-related emissions from goods movement while also being affected by agricultural burning in surrounding rural areas during specific seasons. The city's position in the tropical wet-and-dry climate zone creates unique air quality challenges, as coastal breezes from the Bay of Bengal can sometimes disperse pollutants but also bring moisture that combines with emissions to form haze, particularly during winter months when temperature inversions trap pollutants in the lower atmosphere. The flat terrain and urban heat island effect further exacerbate pollution retention, making geographic factors central to understanding Berhampur's air quality profile.

Berhampur's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its tropical wet-and-dry climate and regional meteorological conditions. During winter months from December through February, pollution reaches its peak as cooler temperatures create frequent temperature inversions that trap vehicle exhaust, road dust, and emissions from silk weaving workshops and domestic biomass burning near the surface. These months also experience reduced wind speeds and occasional fog formation, particularly in January and February, which combines with pollutants to create persistent haze that can linger for days. The post-monsoon period from October to November sees gradually worsening conditions as rainfall diminishes and agricultural burning in surrounding areas begins. From March through May, extreme heat and pre-monsoon thunderstorms can temporarily disperse pollutants but also generate construction dust and occasional dust storms, maintaining moderate to poor air quality. The southwest monsoon from June to September brings dramatic improvement as heavy rainfall from cyclones and regular monsoon systems effectively scrubs the atmosphere of particulate matter, though high humidity can make remaining pollutants feel more oppressive. Sensitive groups including children, elderly residents, and those with respiratory conditions should avoid prolonged outdoor exposure during peak pollution months from December to March, particularly during morning hours when inversions are strongest. The monsoon months from June to September offer the best conditions for outdoor activities, though thunderstorm hazards require caution. Year-round, morning exercise should be avoided during winter months when pollution concentrations are highest near the surface.