Abohar is situated in the fertile alluvial plains of the Fazilka district in Punjab, India, positioned near the international border with Pakistan. This strategic location places it within the wider Indo-Gangetic Plain, characterized by an exceptionally flat terrain and low elevation that significantly influences local atmospheric dynamics. The urban character of Abohar is defined by its role as a major agricultural hub, specifically renowned as the citrus capital of the region for its vast kinnow orchards. This dense urban-rural gradient creates a unique intersection where residential zones blend seamlessly into sprawling agricultural belts. Geographically, the city lacks significant natural barriers or large water bodies to provide a cooling effect or facilitate wind-driven pollutant dispersal. Instead, the surrounding landscape consists of intensive farmland and small-scale industrial clusters that contribute to a concentrated emission profile. The flatness of the terrain is a critical factor in air quality, as it allows pollutants to linger and accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The regional position makes it susceptible to transboundary pollution and the widespread practice of biomass burning across the Punjab plains. Consequently, the city's air quality is inextricably linked to the agricultural calendar and the surrounding rural landscape. The interplay between the intensive land use, the lack of topographic relief, and the semi-arid climate ensures that particulate matter often remains trapped near the ground, affecting the health of the city's growing population. Its location serves as a focal point for regional pollution patterns.

The air quality narrative in Abohar follows a stark seasonal cycle driven by agriculture and meteorology. During the scorching summer months, the city faces high concentrations of coarse mineral dust and suspended particulate matter, whipped up by hot, dry winds across the arid plains. As the monsoon arrives between June and September, the atmosphere undergoes a dramatic cleansing; heavy rainfall washes pollutants from the sky, marking the cleanest period of the year and the ideal time for outdoor activities. However, the transition to autumn brings a critical downturn. From October to November, the air quality deteriorates sharply due to the widespread burning of crop residues, specifically paddy stubble, which releases massive volumes of smoke and fine particulates. This coincides with the onset of winter, where the meteorological phenomenon of temperature inversion occurs. Cold air becomes trapped near the surface, acting as a lid that prevents pollutants from dispersing vertically. Dense winter fog frequently merges with this pollution to create a hazardous smog, peaking in December and January. During these months, sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, should strictly limit outdoor exertion and utilize air filtration. The combination of stagnant winds and biomass emissions makes the winter trough the most dangerous period for respiratory health. By late February, rising temperatures and shifting wind patterns gradually clear the haze, returning the city to a moderate state before the dust-laden summer winds return once again. This cyclical pattern creates a challenging environment for long-term urban health planning and sustainable city growth.