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Bāgha Purāna, nestled in the fertile plains of Punjab, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 30.6881° N, 75.0984° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the region's alluvial soil deposits formed over millennia by the Indus and its tributaries. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. Bāgha Purāna sits within a predominantly agricultural landscape; surrounding fields of wheat, rice, and maize dominate the rural panorama, and agricultural burning, a common practice after harvest, significantly impacts regional air quality. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings transitioning seamlessly into the city's built environment. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the area benefits from groundwater resources crucial for irrigation. The city’s proximity to industrial belts in Ludhiana and Jalandhar, approximately 60-80 kilometers away, introduces a secondary source of pollutants transported by prevailing winds. The flat topography and lack of significant natural barriers exacerbate the issue, allowing pollutants to spread widely. The climate is subtropical, with hot summers and cool winters, influencing atmospheric mixing and dispersion patterns. The surrounding landscape, largely flat and agricultural, limits natural ventilation, further contributing to localized air quality challenges. The region's position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain makes it susceptible to transboundary pollution from neighboring regions.

Bāgha Purāna’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) are typically the most challenging. Cold temperatures lead to frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and creating stagnant air conditions. Dense fog, a common occurrence during this period, further restricts dispersion. Agricultural burning, prevalent after the paddy harvest in October and November, releases substantial amounts of particulate matter and gases, compounding the problem. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, promoting atmospheric mixing and diluting pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the Thar Desert can occasionally impact air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief with increased rainfall, which helps to wash away pollutants and improve air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from flooded agricultural fields. The post-monsoon period (October) often sees a brief respite before the onset of winter and the resumption of agricultural burning. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activities and wearing appropriate masks. During the peak burning season (November-December), minimizing exposure is strongly advised. Spring dust events require similar precautions. While the monsoon generally improves air quality, those with allergies should be mindful of pollen counts.