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Chhājli, a small city nestled within the Punjab state of India (30.0348°N, 75.8280°E), occupies a relatively flat expanse of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. With a population of approximately 15,335, it’s characterized by a predominantly rural-urban gradient, transitioning into more intensive agricultural land use as one moves away from the city centre. The surrounding landscape is dominated by fertile agricultural fields, primarily wheat and rice paddies, typical of the region. Elevation is low, averaging around 230-240 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Chhājli benefits from the network of canals and tributaries that irrigate the Punjab. The city’s location within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain, a known hotspot for air pollution, is a significant factor. The plain’s topography traps pollutants, especially during winter months. Furthermore, the proximity to larger industrial centres within Punjab, though not immediately bordering Chhājli, contributes to regional background pollution levels. Local brick kilns and agricultural practices, including crop residue burning, are likely significant localised sources. The urban form itself, typical of smaller Indian cities, lacks extensive green spaces to act as natural air filters, exacerbating the impact of emissions.

Chhājli experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. The post-monsoon period (October-November) marks a significant deterioration, coinciding with the widespread burning of rice stubble in surrounding agricultural lands. This practice releases massive amounts of particulate matter, creating a dense haze. Calm winds and temperature inversions during these months trap pollutants near the ground, leading to severely compromised air quality. Winter (December-February) continues to be problematic, with cold temperatures and stagnant air further exacerbating pollution. The monsoon season (July-September) offers a temporary respite, as rainfall effectively washes away pollutants and increased wind speeds aid dispersion. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in pollution as agricultural activities resume and temperatures rise, contributing to photochemical smog formation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during October-February. March and April also require caution. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak pollution times, typically early mornings and evenings, is advisable. Staying indoors with air purification systems during high pollution episodes is recommended.