Dhāriwāl, nestled in the fertile plains of Punjab, India (31.9500° N, 75.3200° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the region, with an elevation of approximately 238 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, contributes to air quality challenges. Dhāriwāl is surrounded by a landscape dominated by intensive agricultural land, a patchwork of wheat, rice, and maize fields, interspersed with smaller villages. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural activities directly bordering the town limits. The proximity to the Sutlej River, though providing a water source, doesn't significantly influence local air quality due to the prevailing wind patterns and the scale of the river relative to the town. Punjab's location within a broad, shallow basin, coupled with its inland position, makes it susceptible to the accumulation of pollutants. The region is part of a larger industrial belt, with nearby cities housing industries like textiles, food processing, and brick kilns, all of which can contribute to regional air pollution transported to Dhāriwāl. The flat terrain limits dispersion of pollutants, and the lack of significant topographical features means there are few natural barriers to prevent the influx of airborne contaminants from surrounding areas. Seasonal agricultural practices, particularly stubble burning after the harvest, are a major factor impacting air quality, alongside emissions from vehicular traffic and local industries.

Dhāriwāl’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. The dry season, spanning roughly October to March, presents the most significant air quality concerns. Following the rice harvest, widespread stubble burning commences, releasing substantial particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere. This practice, combined with cooler temperatures and frequent fog, creates persistent temperature inversions – layers of warm air trapping cooler, polluted air near the ground. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. January and February typically experience the poorest air quality. The monsoon season (July-September) brings relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds dispersing them. However, even during the monsoon, localized pollution from agricultural runoff and industrial activity can occur. The pre-monsoon period (March-June) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as stubble burning subsides, but temperatures rise, potentially leading to ozone formation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should minimize outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly on foggy days. Wearing masks and avoiding strenuous exercise are recommended. During the peak pollution months, indoor air quality should be prioritized through the use of air purifiers and ensuring proper ventilation when air quality improves.