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Fatehgarh Chūriān, nestled in the Doaba region of Punjab, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin. Located at approximately 31.86°N, 74.96°E and an elevation of roughly 238 meters (781 feet) above sea level, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the alluvial plains formed by the Beas River. This river, though not directly adjacent to the town, influences the regional hydrology and contributes to the area’s agricultural productivity. The surrounding landscape is overwhelmingly agrarian, a patchwork of cultivated fields – primarily wheat, rice, and maize – stretching as far as the eye can see. This intensive agricultural activity, coupled with the prevalence of crop residue burning after harvest, is a major contributor to Fatehgarh Chūriān’s air quality challenges. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town itself is small, transitioning quickly into the surrounding agricultural lands. Fatehgarh Chūriān lies within a broader industrial belt extending across Punjab, with nearby cities housing industries like textiles, steel, and food processing. This proximity introduces additional sources of pollutants. The flat topography and limited natural barriers exacerbate the problem, hindering the dispersion of pollutants and leading to their accumulation, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The region's climate, with hot summers and cool winters, further influences atmospheric conditions and pollutant behaviour. The lack of significant elevation changes means there are few natural mechanisms for air cleansing, making Fatehgarh Chūriān particularly vulnerable to poor air quality events.

Fatehgarh Chūriān’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by agricultural practices and meteorological conditions. The post-monsoon season (October-November) is notoriously the most challenging. Following the rice harvest, widespread crop residue burning – a practice known as stubble burning – releases massive quantities of particulate matter and other pollutants into the atmosphere. This, combined with prevailing northwesterly winds and frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, results in severely degraded air quality. Winter months (December-February) often see persistent fog, further reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. The cold air also contributes to temperature inversions. Spring (March-April) brings a slight improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, aiding in the dispersal of pollutants, though dust from agricultural activities remains a concern. The monsoon season (June-September) typically offers the most relief. Rainfall washes away pollutants, and increased wind speeds facilitate their removal. However, even during the monsoon, localized pollution from industrial activity and vehicle emissions can still occur. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise extreme caution during the post-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and using appropriate respiratory protection. During periods of high pollution, strenuous outdoor activities should be avoided, and indoor air quality should be prioritized through ventilation and air purification.