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Khanna, a city nestled in the fertile plains of Punjab, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 30.7°N, 76.22°E, its coordinates place it squarely within a region characterized by flat, alluvial terrain formed over millennia by the Indus and Ganges river systems. The city’s elevation is relatively low, around 245 meters above sea level, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. Khanna’s urban fabric is a blend of older, densely populated residential areas and newer, more planned developments, reflecting its growth as a regional commercial hub. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with vast stretches of farmland dedicated to wheat, rice, and sugarcane cultivation – a major source of seasonal biomass burning. To the east, the foothills of the Shivalik range begin to rise, influencing local wind patterns and occasionally trapping pollutants. Khanna’s proximity to Ludhiana, a major industrial center approximately 30 kilometers away, means it is susceptible to industrial emissions transported by prevailing winds. The urban-rural gradient is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural fields seamlessly merging into the city’s periphery. The absence of significant bodies of water within the immediate vicinity limits natural air purification processes, further exacerbating air quality challenges. The city’s location within a bowl-shaped topography, combined with the intensive agricultural practices and nearby industrial activity, creates a complex interplay of factors impacting its air quality.

Khanna’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) are typically the most challenging. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Dense fog, a common occurrence during this period, further restricts visibility and concentrates particulate matter. Stubble burning, a widespread practice after the rice harvest, releases significant quantities of smoke and pollutants into the atmosphere, dramatically worsening air quality. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, dust storms originating from the Thar Desert can occasionally impact Khanna. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds facilitating their removal. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and associated issues. The post-monsoon period (October) often experiences a brief respite before the onset of winter and the return of unfavorable conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory illnesses, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activities and wearing appropriate masks. During periods of high dust, indoor air filtration is recommended. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and agricultural practices is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor exposure throughout the year.