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Kharar, a rapidly urbanising city in the Punjab state of India, sits at coordinates 30.7400°N, 76.6500°E, within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its terrain is largely flat, typical of this alluvial region, with a gentle slope towards the south-east. The city’s elevation is approximately 260 meters above sea level. Kharar’s location is strategically significant, positioned close to Chandigarh, the state capital, and Mohali, forming part of the Chandigarh Metropolitan Region. This proximity drives significant commuter traffic and industrial activity. Surrounding Kharar are extensive agricultural lands, primarily wheat and rice paddies, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. To the north and west lie areas with increasing industrial concentration, including brick kilns and small-scale manufacturing units. The Sukhna Lake, a significant water body, is located nearby, but its influence on local air circulation is limited due to prevailing wind patterns. The urban-rural gradient is becoming increasingly blurred as Kharar expands, absorbing surrounding villages. This expansion, coupled with increasing vehicle numbers and construction, directly impacts local air quality. The flat topography and limited natural ventilation exacerbate pollution build-up, particularly during calmer weather conditions. The city’s growth is outpacing infrastructure development, further compounding these challenges.

Kharar experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. Winter (November to February) is the most polluted period. Low temperatures create strong temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Calm winds further hinder dispersion, and increased reliance on fossil fuels for heating exacerbates the problem. Fog, common during these months, reduces visibility and increases particulate matter concentration. March and April see a slight improvement as temperatures rise, but biomass burning from agricultural residue disposal after the wheat harvest significantly degrades air quality. The monsoon season (July to September) offers a respite, with rainfall effectively washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds aiding dispersion. However, increased humidity can also promote secondary pollutant formation. October and early November initially show improvement, but stubble burning in neighbouring states, carried by winds, quickly deteriorates conditions. Summer (May-June) experiences relatively better air quality due to higher temperatures and stronger winds, though dust storms can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid prolonged outdoor activity during winter and periods of stubble burning. Monitoring air quality forecasts is crucial for informed decision-making.