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Kot Bhāi, a small town nestled in the Majha region of Punjab, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 30.2678° N, 74.6990° E, the town sits at a relatively low elevation, around 235 meters (771 feet) above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by fertile plains cultivated with wheat, rice, and maize – a typical feature of Punjab’s rural economy. This intensive agricultural activity, reliant on seasonal burning of crop residue (stubble burning), is a major contributor to regional air pollution. Kot Bhāi’s proximity to larger urban centers like Jalandhar (approximately 30 km) and Kapurthala (around 25 km) means it’s influenced by their industrial emissions and vehicular traffic, though to a lesser extent. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural fields transitioning directly into the town’s residential and commercial areas. The town itself exhibits a relatively simple urban character, with a compact layout and limited industrial presence. The lack of significant natural barriers, such as hills or large bodies of water, further exacerbates the issue of pollutant dispersion. The flat terrain and prevailing wind patterns often trap pollutants, leading to periods of poor air quality, particularly during the cooler months. The absence of major rivers or lakes within immediate proximity limits natural air purification processes.

Kot Bhāi’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by regional climate and agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) consistently present the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing vertically. This, combined with widespread stubble burning in the surrounding agricultural fields, results in a significant increase in particulate matter. Dense fog, a common occurrence during these months, further restricts visibility and traps pollutants close to the ground. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms originating from the Thar Desert can occasionally impact air quality. The monsoon season (June to September) typically offers a respite, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds facilitating dispersion. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and associated issues. The post-monsoon period (October) sees a gradual deterioration as agricultural activities intensify, and the conditions conducive to stubble burning return. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and considering the use of air purifiers. During periods of heavy stubble burning, even healthy individuals should minimize strenuous outdoor activities and wear appropriate masks.