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Mahalpur, nestled in the fertile plains of Punjab, India (31.3618° N, 76.0377° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the region, with an average elevation of approximately 230 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, unfortunately contributes to air quality challenges. Mahalpur is surrounded by a landscape dominated by intensive agricultural land, a defining feature of Punjab’s rural character. The region’s rich alluvial soil supports extensive cultivation of wheat, rice, and other crops, leading to significant agricultural burning during harvest seasons – a major source of particulate matter pollution. The urban–rural gradient around Mahalpur is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural fields transitioning seamlessly into the city’s periphery. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the area benefits from groundwater resources crucial for irrigation. The city’s proximity to industrial belts in Ludhiana and Jalandhar, though not immediately bordering them, means it is susceptible to pollutants transported by prevailing winds. The flat, expansive landscape limits natural air circulation, exacerbating the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant weather. The lack of significant topographical features to disrupt airflow means that emissions from both local sources and distant industrial areas can readily impact Mahalpur’s air quality, creating a complex interplay of regional and local factors.

Mahalpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) are typically the most challenging. Cooler temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Dense fog, a common occurrence during this period, further restricts dispersion and intensifies the impact of emissions. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice following the rice harvest, peaks during November and December, releasing substantial amounts of smoke and particulate matter. The dry winds prevalent in spring (March-April) can temporarily improve air quality, but dust storms originating from the Thar Desert occasionally impact the region. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds aiding in dispersion. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of methane from flooded agricultural fields. The post-monsoon period (October) sees a gradual decline in air quality as temperatures drop and the agricultural cycle prepares for the next burning season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with poor visibility or noticeable smoke. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. During the monsoon, while generally better, vigilance regarding waterborne diseases is important. The spring months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, though dust alerts should be monitored.