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Māhta, a small city nestled within the fertile plains of Punjab, India, occupies a geographically significant position at 31.6647°N, 75.2509°E. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensively farmed fields of wheat, rice, and cotton – a typical feature of the region. The city’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Situated within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain, Māhta experiences a flat terrain, lacking natural barriers to trap or redirect air masses. The Sutlej River flows relatively close by, though not immediately adjacent, influencing local humidity and occasionally contributing to fog formation. While not a major industrial hub itself, Māhta is within reach of larger industrial areas in Punjab, and transport emissions from regional trade routes contribute to the local pollution burden. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; the city is a concentrated pocket of activity surrounded by extensive agricultural land. This proximity means seasonal agricultural practices, such as crop residue burning, have a direct and substantial impact on air quality. The lack of significant wind corridors exacerbates the concentration of pollutants, particularly during calmer weather conditions. The city’s small size means pollution sources are relatively close to population centres, increasing exposure.

Māhta’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, is typically the most polluted. This coincides with the widespread practice of agricultural residue burning after the rice harvest, releasing massive amounts of particulate matter and other pollutants. Shallow temperature inversions during cooler mornings trap these emissions, leading to severely degraded air. December and January bring colder temperatures and frequent fog, further reducing dispersion and exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. February to March sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, though dust from agricultural activities remains a concern. The monsoon season, from July to September, offers a period of respite. Heavy rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased wind speeds aid dispersion. However, high humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. April and May are transitional months, with rising temperatures and increasing dust levels before the monsoon arrives. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-November and December-January. Monitoring local conditions and heeding health advisories is crucial throughout the year.