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Malaut, situated in the fertile plains of Punjab, India (30.1900°N, 74.4990°E), is a city deeply interwoven with the agricultural landscape. With a population of approximately 70,958, it functions as a regional market centre for the surrounding agricultural belt. The terrain is characteristically flat, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with a gentle slope towards the southwest. This flatness contributes to limited natural air dispersion. Malaut’s location isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though it benefits from groundwater resources crucial for irrigation. The city lies within a significant agricultural zone, heavily reliant on intensive farming practices, including rice-wheat rotation, which contributes to stubble burning post-harvest. This practice is a major seasonal source of particulate matter. While not a heavy industrial hub itself, Malaut is within reach of larger industrial areas in Punjab, and transboundary pollution is a factor. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural fields immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means pollutants from agricultural activities directly impact the city’s air quality, and prevailing winds can carry pollutants from neighbouring regions. The lack of significant topographical features hinders the flushing out of pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues.

Malaut experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. Summer (April-June) brings hot, dry winds that can stir up dust and contribute to higher particulate matter levels, though temperatures can aid in some dispersion. Monsoon season (July-September) offers temporary relief, with rainfall washing pollutants from the air, resulting in cleaner air. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. Autumn (October-November) is the most critical period. Post-monsoon calm winds combined with widespread stubble burning from rice harvest create extremely poor air quality, often shrouded in smog. This period poses the greatest risk to vulnerable populations. Winter (December-February) sees temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground, leading to prolonged periods of poor air quality, exacerbated by domestic fuel burning for heating. Fog further reduces visibility and traps pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-February. March offers a transitional period with improving conditions. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution months is advisable, and using air purifiers indoors can provide relief.