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Nābha, a historic city in Punjab, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin. Located at approximately 30.37°N, 76.15°E, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 248 meters (814 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the region. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of cultivated fields supporting Punjab’s renowned agricultural output, particularly wheat and rice. This proximity to intensive farming practices, including the widespread use of crop residue burning after harvest, is a crucial factor influencing Nābha’s air quality. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural land seamlessly blending into the city’s periphery. While Nābha lacks direct access to major rivers or large bodies of water, the Bhogpur canal, part of the Upper Bari Doab Canal system, flows nearby, providing irrigation and potentially influencing local humidity levels. The city’s regional position places it within a corridor susceptible to pollutants transported from industrial belts in nearby cities like Ludhiana and Jalandhar, further compounding local emissions. The flat topography inhibits atmospheric dispersion, trapping pollutants and exacerbating air quality challenges. Historically a fortified town, Nābha’s urban character is a blend of old and new, with traditional residential areas interspersed with modern development, impacting local microclimates and pollution patterns.

Nābha’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) are typically the most challenging. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Dense fog, a common occurrence during this period, further restricts visibility and exacerbates the problem by trapping particulate matter. The burning of crop residue after the harvest of rice and wheat, a widespread practice in Punjab, significantly contributes to elevated levels of particulate matter during these months. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief with increased rainfall, which helps to wash away pollutants and improve air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and associated issues. The post-monsoon period (October) can experience a brief resurgence of poor air quality as conditions become more stable and agricultural burning may resume. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activities and using air purifiers when possible. Maintaining indoor air quality is crucial during periods of high pollution, and wearing appropriate masks when venturing outside is recommended.