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Patti, a city nestled within the Punjab state of India at coordinates 31.2800°N, 74.8600°E, occupies a significant position in the fertile plains of the region. With a population of approximately 40,976, Patti’s geography is largely defined by its flat, alluvial terrain, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by wheat, rice, and sugarcane cultivation. This intensive farming contributes significantly to the local air quality profile, particularly through seasonal crop residue burning. Patti’s elevation is relatively low, increasing its susceptibility to temperature inversions, a meteorological phenomenon that traps pollutants near the ground. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though the Beas River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and occasionally contributing to fog formation. While Patti isn’t a major industrial hub itself, its proximity to larger industrial areas within Punjab means it can experience transboundary pollution. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city centre experiences higher concentrations of vehicular emissions and domestic fuel burning, while surrounding villages rely more heavily on agricultural practices. This interplay between urban and rural activities creates a complex air quality dynamic, making Patti particularly vulnerable to particulate matter pollution.

Patti’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, is typically the most polluted. This coincides with the widespread burning of rice paddy straw to clear fields for the next planting, releasing massive amounts of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and other pollutants. Shallow temperature inversions during cooler months exacerbate this issue, trapping pollutants close to the ground. December and January see continued poor air quality, though often slightly improved due to occasional western disturbances bringing light rain and wind. The spring months, February to April, offer a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the Thar Desert can temporarily degrade air quality. The monsoon season, from July to September, generally provides the cleanest air, as rainfall effectively washes away pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should avoid strenuous outdoor activity during October-November and consider using air purifiers indoors. March-April can be favourable, but monitor conditions.