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Sardulgarh, a town nestled in the heart of Punjab, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile plains of the Indo-Gangetic Basin. Located at approximately 29.6970° N, 75.2388° E, the town’s elevation is relatively low, around 225 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of wheat, rice, and cotton – a typical feature of Punjab’s rural economy. This intensive agricultural activity, reliant on seasonal burning of crop residue (stubble burning), is a major contributor to regional air pollution. Sardulgarh sits on the edge of an urban–rural gradient, experiencing increasing urbanization while still retaining strong ties to its agricultural roots. The town itself exhibits a compact urban character, with a mix of residential areas, local markets, and small-scale industries. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the Ghaggar River flows nearby, influencing local microclimates and potentially impacting atmospheric moisture levels. The town’s proximity to industrial belts in Ludhiana and other nearby cities further exacerbates air quality challenges, as pollutants are transported via prevailing wind patterns. The flat terrain, typical of the Punjab plains, limits atmospheric dispersion, leading to a build-up of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The region's climate, with hot summers and cool winters, also influences pollutant behaviour, with temperature inversions frequently trapping pollutants close to the ground.

Sardulgarh’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. The post-monsoon and winter months (October to February) are typically the most challenging. Following the monsoon season, farmers engage in widespread stubble burning to clear fields for the next planting cycle, releasing significant quantities of particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere. This, combined with cooler temperatures and frequent fog, creates ideal conditions for temperature inversions – a phenomenon where a layer of warm air traps cooler air (and pollutants) near the ground. Fog, common during these months, further reduces visibility and hinders pollutant dispersion. Spring (March to May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, and winds become more frequent, aiding in the dispersal of pollutants. However, dust storms originating from the Thar Desert can occasionally impact air quality. The monsoon season (June to September) brings relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds dispersing them. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and increased humidity, which can affect respiratory health. Summer (April to June) is generally warmer, with higher daytime temperatures and increased convective mixing, which helps to disperse pollutants, although heat waves can exacerbate respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activity and wearing appropriate masks when necessary. During periods of heavy stubble burning, staying indoors with air purifiers is advisable.