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Sheron, a small town nestled in the fertile plains of Punjab, India (30.1582° N, 75.7178° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its location, at an elevation of approximately 230 meters (750 feet) above sea level, contributes to a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the region. The surrounding landscape is dominated by intensive agricultural land, a defining feature of Punjab’s economy and a key factor influencing Sheron’s air quality. The town sits within a broad urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the denser urban centres of Ludhiana and Jalandhar to the more sparsely populated agricultural hinterland. The proximity to these larger urban areas means Sheron is susceptible to the downwind effects of industrial emissions and vehicular traffic. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the region’s groundwater resources are vital for irrigation, supporting the extensive cropping patterns. The flat, expansive nature of the plains, coupled with limited topographical variation, inhibits atmospheric dispersion, leading to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate. Prevailing wind patterns, often influenced by seasonal weather systems, play a crucial role in transporting pollutants from distant sources, impacting Sheron’s air quality. The agricultural practices, including crop residue burning after harvest, are a significant localized contributor to particulate matter pollution, particularly during specific times of the year. The lack of natural barriers further exacerbates this issue, allowing pollutants to spread easily across the landscape.

Sheron’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate and agricultural practices. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, witnesses the most concerning air quality conditions. Following the post-monsoon harvest period (October-November), widespread crop residue burning – a practice known as stubble burning – releases substantial amounts of particulate matter and other pollutants into the atmosphere. This, combined with cooler temperatures and frequent fog, creates a stagnant atmospheric layer, trapping pollutants near the ground. Temperature inversions, common during these months, further impede vertical mixing, intensifying the problem. Winter (December-February) often sees the lowest temperatures and densest fog, severely limiting visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that help to flush out pollutants. However, even during the monsoon, localized pollution from agricultural activities and vehicular emissions can still occur. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and the influence of stubble burning diminishes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of dense fog and high pollution episodes. Limiting outdoor exertion and using air purifiers indoors are recommended strategies. The transition months of October and November are particularly challenging, requiring heightened awareness and preventative measures.