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Sidhwān, a small city nestled within the fertile plains of Punjab, India, occupies a geographically significant position at 31.2725°N, 75.3652°E. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by intensive farming of rice and wheat, typical of the region. The city’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Situated within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain, Sidhwān experiences a flat terrain, lacking natural barriers to trap or redirect air masses. This plain is known for its susceptibility to stagnant air conditions. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the Sutlej River flows within a reasonable distance, influencing local humidity and occasionally contributing to fog formation. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Sidhwān itself is a relatively small urban centre surrounded by extensive agricultural land and smaller villages. Industrial activity is limited within Sidhwān itself, but the wider Punjab region has pockets of industrial belts, and transport corridors contribute to regional pollution. The city’s location, combined with agricultural practices like stubble burning, significantly impacts its air quality, particularly during certain times of the year. The lack of significant wind corridors exacerbates the concentration of pollutants.

Sidhwān’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, is typically the most polluted. This coincides with the widespread practice of agricultural stubble burning after the rice harvest, releasing massive amounts of particulate matter. Shallow temperature inversions during cooler mornings trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. December and January bring cold, dry air and frequent fog, further reducing dispersion. While winds can occasionally offer temporary relief, they are often weak and inconsistent. The monsoon season, from July to September, generally provides cleaner air due to rainfall washing away pollutants and stronger winds dispersing them. However, increased humidity can also promote secondary pollutant formation. March to May sees rising temperatures and drier conditions, leading to dust storms and increased ozone levels, though overall particulate matter tends to decrease compared to the winter months. June is a transitional month, with improving air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-November and December-January. Monitoring local conditions and using appropriate respiratory protection is advisable during peak pollution periods.