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Tibbar, a small town nestled in the Sangrur district of Punjab, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Located at approximately 31.97°N, 75.42°E, its coordinates place it within a relatively flat, alluvial landscape characteristic of the region. The terrain is gently undulating, primarily consisting of fertile agricultural land, reflecting Punjab’s reputation as the ‘Granary of India.’ Elevation is low, hovering around 238 meters (781 feet) above sea level, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive fields of wheat, rice, and maize, interspersed with smaller villages and rural settlements. This proximity to intensive agricultural zones is a key factor influencing Tibbar’s air quality, with seasonal burning of crop residue (stubble burning) being a major contributor to pollution episodes. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Tibbar benefits from the groundwater resources of the Ghaggar River basin, influencing local humidity and microclimates. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with Tibbar exhibiting a small-town character, transitioning seamlessly into the surrounding agricultural landscape. The town’s location, far from major industrial hubs, initially suggests lower industrial pollution, but the regional agricultural practices and prevailing meteorological conditions significantly impact its air quality profile. The lack of significant topographic barriers further exacerbates the issue, allowing pollutants to spread easily across the flat terrain.

Tibbar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and regional pollution transport. The post-monsoon and winter months (October to February) are typically the most challenging. Following the rice harvest, widespread stubble burning commences, releasing significant quantities of particulate matter and other pollutants into the atmosphere. This, combined with cooler temperatures and frequent fog, leads to atmospheric inversions – a phenomenon where a layer of warm air traps cooler air and pollutants near the ground. The stagnant air conditions during these months exacerbate the problem, preventing pollutants from dispersing. The monsoon season (July-September) brings a period of relative relief, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds aiding in dispersion. However, even during the monsoon, localized pollution from agricultural activities can persist. The pre-monsoon season (March-June) sees a gradual increase in temperatures and a decrease in humidity, but the impact of stubble burning lingers into early October. Outdoor activity is best avoided during the peak pollution periods of November and December. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should take extra precautions, such as wearing masks and limiting outdoor exposure. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during periods of poor air quality. The dry winter air also increases the risk of respiratory irritation, so adequate hydration is important.