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Bikaner, situated in the northwestern part of Rajasthan, India, occupies a strategic position on the edge of the Thar Desert, approximately 240 kilometres northwest of Jaipur. The city lies at an elevation of about 230 metres above sea level, characterised by flat to gently undulating arid terrain with sparse vegetation, dominated by sandy soils and occasional rocky outcrops. Its urban character blends historic forts and havelis with modern expansion, creating a dense core surrounded by peri-urban and rural areas where traditional lifestyles persist. Bikaner's location profoundly impacts air quality: proximity to the Thar Desert makes it highly susceptible to desert dust, which is a primary natural pollutant, especially during dry, windy periods. The city lacks significant bodies of water nearby, with the Luni River being seasonal and distant, contributing to low humidity and enhanced dust suspension. There is no major industrial belt in immediate vicinity, but local sources like vehicle exhaust, road dust from unpaved surfaces, and construction activities exacerbate particulate matter levels. The urban–rural gradient sees increased biomass burning for domestic energy, including camel dung and crop residues, particularly in colder months. Agricultural zones are limited due to arid conditions, focusing on drought-resistant crops, but occasional stubble burning adds to pollution. This geographic isolation in a desert basin can trap pollutants under temperature inversions, worsening air quality episodes, especially in winter.

Bikaner's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern driven by its hot desert climate and local sources. In winter (November to February), pollution peaks due to a combination of factors: lower temperatures lead to frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, while calm winds reduce dispersion. Increased domestic biomass burning for heating, including camel dung and wood, releases fine particulate matter, and desert dust remains prevalent. This period sees heightened health risks, with sensitive groups like children, elderly, and those with respiratory conditions advised to limit outdoor activities, especially during morning and evening when inversions are strongest. Spring (March to May) continues high pollution levels, with rising temperatures and occasional sandstorms from the Thar Desert adding coarse dust; outdoor exertion should be minimised during dust events. The monsoon season (June to September) brings relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased wind speeds disperse pollutants, making it the best time for outdoor activities with generally improved air quality. Post-monsoon (October) sees a gradual return of dust and biomass burning as temperatures drop. Throughout the year, sandstorms can occur unpredictably, necessitating masks and indoor shelter. Health guidance emphasises monitoring local air quality reports, using air purifiers indoors during peak months, and avoiding strenuous exercise on hazy days to mitigate impacts.