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Adigaratti, nestled in the Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu, India (11.3357° N, 76.6971° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the broader South Indian landscape. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating hills and plains, part of the broader Deccan Plateau, resulting in a relatively low average elevation of around 600 meters above sea level. This plateauic setting influences regional air circulation patterns. Adigaratti is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily cultivating crops like paddy, sugarcane, and pulses, contributing to potential biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, particularly during harvest seasons. To the east, the landscape gradually transitions into drier scrublands and rocky outcrops, while the western side slopes towards the foothills of the Eastern Ghats. The Cauvery River, a vital water source for the region, flows approximately 30 kilometers to the south, moderating local temperatures and influencing humidity levels. While Adigaratti itself lacks significant industrial zones within its immediate boundaries, it lies within a broader agricultural belt and is relatively close to industrial areas in nearby Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts, which can contribute to transboundary pollution. The urban–rural gradient around Adigaratti is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings interspersed throughout the surrounding area, impacting the dispersion of pollutants and creating localized air quality variations. The prevailing wind patterns, generally from the southwest during the monsoon and shifting to the northeast during the dry season, play a crucial role in the transport and dilution of airborne pollutants.

Adigaratti’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry seasonal cycle, profoundly impacting its air quality. The southwest monsoon, typically from June to September, brings substantial rainfall, effectively cleansing the atmosphere and significantly reducing particulate matter concentrations. This period generally offers the best air quality for outdoor activities. However, the monsoon also introduces humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The subsequent dry season, spanning October to May, presents a more complex picture. November and December often experience periods of stagnant air and occasional fog, particularly during the early morning hours, leading to pollutant accumulation. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. January and February are typically the most challenging months, with drier conditions and reduced wind speeds, allowing pollutants to build up. Agricultural burning, a common practice during post-harvest periods (primarily December-January), contributes significantly to particulate pollution. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) sees rising temperatures and increased dust levels, further degrading air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of fog or stagnant air. Limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks are advisable. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, maintaining indoor ventilation to prevent dampness and mold growth is crucial for respiratory health.