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Aranganūr, nestled in the Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Coromandel Coast region. Located at approximately 11.8316° N latitude and 79.7492° E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile plains of South India. The elevation is relatively low, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate under certain meteorological conditions. Aranganūr sits within a predominantly rural landscape, transitioning gradually towards the urban sprawl of Chennai, approximately 60 kilometers to the north. This proximity to a major metropolitan area introduces a complex interplay of influences on its air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields, primarily cultivating rice and other crops, which can contribute to seasonal particulate matter from agricultural burning practices, particularly during harvest times. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the town benefits from groundwater resources and occasional rainfall, influencing local humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient is noticeable, with Aranganūr exhibiting a mix of traditional village structures and increasingly modern residential developments. The absence of large-scale heavy industries within the immediate vicinity is a mitigating factor, however, the town’s connection to Chennai’s industrial belt via road networks means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution events. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often dictate the dispersal (or lack thereof) of pollutants originating from both local and distant sources, making air quality highly sensitive to regional weather systems.

Aranganūr’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to increased agricultural burning as farmers clear fields for the next planting season, combined with lower rainfall to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants closer to the ground, exacerbating the issue. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as increased rainfall and stronger winds naturally cleanse the air. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by elevated levels of fungal spores and allergens. October and November represent a transitional period, with gradually decreasing rainfall and a potential resurgence of agricultural burning as harvest activities intensify. The winter months (December-February) are generally characterized by calmer winds and cooler temperatures, which can occasionally lead to localized fog formation. This fog, while visually striking, can trap pollutants, creating periods of reduced visibility and potentially impacting air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and considering the use of air purifiers indoors. During the monsoon, those with allergies should monitor pollen counts and take appropriate preventative measures. Overall, minimizing outdoor activities during peak agricultural burning periods is advisable for all residents.