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Arcot, situated in the Vellore district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain within the Coromandel Plains. Its coordinates (12.9047°N, 79.3238°E) place it inland, approximately 60km west of the Bay of Bengal. This distance moderates the immediate coastal influences, but the city still experiences a tropical climate shaped by monsoon patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by rice paddies, cashew plantations, and increasingly, commercial crops. Arcot’s urban character is that of a historic town, once a significant seat of power under the Nawab of the Carnatic, now evolving with modern infrastructure. The Palar River flows nearby, though its water quality and flow are subject to seasonal variations and upstream usage. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with agricultural lands immediately surrounding the town giving way to denser settlements closer to the city centre. Industrial activity is present, though not concentrated in massive belts, consisting primarily of small-scale manufacturing and agro-processing units. This dispersed industrial presence, combined with vehicular emissions and agricultural practices like crop residue burning, contributes to localised air quality challenges. The relatively low elevation and frequent temperature inversions can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues, particularly during calmer weather conditions.

Arcot’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and prevailing winds. The pre-monsoon months of April and May bring the poorest air quality. High temperatures and stagnant air create ideal conditions for pollutant build-up from vehicular traffic, local industries, and dust from agricultural activities. The southwest monsoon, arriving in June, offers temporary relief, washing away particulate matter, but increased humidity can also foster fungal spores, impacting respiratory health. Post-monsoon (September-November) sees a gradual deterioration as winds weaken and temperatures rise again. The northeast monsoon, typically from October to December, brings heavier rainfall and improved air quality, though localised flooding can disrupt traffic and increase dampness, potentially leading to mould growth indoors. January to March are generally the most favourable months, with cooler temperatures, drier air, and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the hot, dry months and periods of calm weather. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; pollutants tend to accumulate when winds are light or blow from industrial areas. Staying indoors with windows closed during peak pollution times is advisable.