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Ārumuganeri, a coastal town in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a low-lying position near the Gulf of Mannar. Its coordinates (8.5717° N, 78.0922° E) place it within a relatively flat, alluvial plain formed by the Tamraparni River, which flows nearby. The terrain is predominantly coastal, characterized by sandy beaches, mudflats, and interspersed with patches of scrubland. The town’s elevation is minimal, making it vulnerable to sea-level rise and storm surges. Ārumuganeri is situated within a region heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly rain-fed farming of rice, pulses, and coconut. While not a major industrial hub itself, its proximity to Thoothukudi, a significant port city and industrial centre, introduces potential for transboundary pollution. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the town itself is relatively compact, surrounded by agricultural lands and small villages. This proximity to both agricultural activity (potential for biomass burning and fertilizer use) and a major port (shipping emissions, industrial activity) significantly influences local air quality. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the sea breeze, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. The coastal location also means higher humidity and salt spray, which can affect pollutant chemistry and deposition.

Ārumuganeri experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, roughly from February to May, sees a build-up of particulate matter due to reduced rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities and construction. Hot, dry winds exacerbate the situation, leading to poorer air quality. March and April are typically the least favourable months for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The southwest monsoon arrives in June, bringing relief with heavy rainfall that washes away pollutants, resulting in significantly improved air quality. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and allergens. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a slight deterioration as winds become calmer and temperatures moderate, allowing pollutants to accumulate. The northeast monsoon, from October to December, brings further rainfall, but can also be accompanied by fog, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and periods of fog. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding strenuous activity on days with stagnant air is advisable.