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Chettikulam, nestled in the Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 8.0943° N latitude and 77.5614° E longitude, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 850 meters (2,789 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions of Tamil Nadu. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating hills and plains, transitioning from scrubland and dry deciduous forests to agricultural fields. The Hogenakkal Falls, a prominent geological feature and tourist destination, lies within a reasonable distance, influencing local hydrology and potentially impacting regional air patterns. Chettikulam’s proximity to the Cauvery River, though not directly adjacent, provides a crucial water source for agriculture, a dominant land use in the area. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; Chettikulam itself is a small town, but it’s surrounded by a patchwork of farms cultivating crops like paddy, ragi, and groundnuts. While not situated directly within a major industrial belt, the town’s location within Tamil Nadu means it’s influenced by broader regional industrial activity, particularly from Salem and Krishnagiri. The terrain, with its gentle slopes and occasional valleys, can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, especially during periods of low wind speed. The relatively isolated nature of Chettikulam, while offering a degree of tranquility, also means that air quality is susceptible to localized sources like agricultural burning and vehicular emissions, with limited dispersion potential.

Chettikulam’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Tamil Nadu’s tropical climate, exhibiting a clear wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; farmers frequently resort to crop residue burning to clear fields for the next planting season, releasing significant amounts of smoke and pollutants into the atmosphere. The lack of consistent rainfall during this period allows these pollutants to linger, particularly when coupled with temperature inversions – a common occurrence where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing. Conversely, the monsoon season (June to October) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing any remaining contaminants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily trap pollutants near the ground. November to February represents a transitional period, with cooler temperatures and occasional drizzle. While generally exhibiting better air quality than the dry season, localized pollution events can still occur, especially during periods of stagnant air. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, minimizing outdoor exertion and avoiding areas with visible smoke. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies may experience increased discomfort due to elevated pollen and mold counts.