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Karuppur, a municipality in Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain within the fertile Kaveri Delta region. Situated at coordinates 11.7170°N, 78.0924°E, its geography is fundamentally shaped by its proximity to the Kaveri River, a lifeline for agriculture and a significant influence on local climate. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by paddy fields and coconut groves, interspersed with pockets of textile industries – a defining characteristic of the region. With an elevation of approximately 35 meters above sea level, Karuppur experiences minimal topographic variation. This flatness, coupled with its inland location, limits natural ventilation and can contribute to the trapping of pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from densely populated town areas to expansive agricultural lands. The concentration of textile processing units, particularly dyeing and bleaching operations, both within Karuppur and in surrounding industrial clusters like Tiruppur, is a key factor impacting air quality. These industries release particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and other pollutants. The delta’s humid conditions can also exacerbate pollutant formation and dispersion patterns, influencing the local microclimate and air quality dynamics. The region’s reliance on groundwater for industrial processes further complicates the environmental picture.

Karuppur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon cycles and prevailing winds. The pre-monsoon months of April and May bring peak pollution levels. High temperatures and stagnant air create conditions for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants emitted from textile industries and vehicular traffic. The dry conditions also lead to increased dust suspension. The Southwest Monsoon, arriving in June, offers temporary respite, washing away pollutants and improving air quality. However, increased humidity can also promote secondary pollutant formation. The Northeast Monsoon, dominant from October to December, brings heavier rainfall and generally cleaner air, though localised flooding can disrupt traffic and contribute to congestion-related emissions. January to March sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as temperatures rise and wind speeds decrease. Fog is common during these cooler months, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during April-May and January-March. During monsoon seasons, while air is cleaner, precautions against waterborne diseases are crucial. Avoiding peak traffic hours and utilising public transport can further mitigate exposure. Monitoring local weather reports and air quality advisories is recommended.