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Kāttukkottai, nestled in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Kaveri Delta, a fertile and densely populated region. Located at approximately 11.6026° N latitude and 78.6698° E longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of deltaic plains. The elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 10 meters above sea level, contributing to a low dispersion potential for pollutants. Kāttukkottai is surrounded by extensive agricultural lands, primarily rice paddies and sugarcane fields, which, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal biomass burning and fugitive dust emissions. The proximity to the Kaveri River, though providing a crucial water source, can also influence local humidity and atmospheric stability, impacting pollutant behaviour. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with agricultural activity dominating the immediate periphery. While Kāttukkottai itself is a relatively small town, it sits within a broader industrial belt extending towards nearby cities like Thanjavur and Kumbakonam, which introduces potential for industrial emissions impacting air quality. The flat topography and limited elevation mean that temperature inversions, common in calmer weather conditions, can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating local air quality issues. The surrounding landscape, largely agricultural, dictates a significant portion of the air quality profile, with seasonal agricultural practices playing a key role.

Kāttukkottai’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to increased agricultural activity, including land preparation and harvesting, which generates significant dust and biomass burning. The lack of rainfall during this period allows these pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of calm winds and temperature inversions, which are more frequent in the evenings. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief through frequent rainfall, effectively scrubbing the atmosphere and reducing pollutant concentrations. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity, which can trap pollutants and create localized fog, temporarily reducing visibility. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a resurgence of particulate matter. December and January are generally cooler and drier, with calmer winds, which can again promote the formation of temperature inversions and pollutant trapping. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of haze or reduced visibility. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the monsoon months, although sudden showers can still occur. Maintaining awareness of local weather conditions and minimizing exposure to dust sources are crucial for mitigating potential health impacts.