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Kesavapuram, nestled in the state of Tamil Nadu, India (8.4212° N, 76.9996° E), is a small urban centre with a population of approximately 36,836. The town’s geography is characterised by relatively flat terrain typical of the coastal plains of Tamil Nadu, situated inland from the Bay of Bengal. This proximity to the coast influences local climate patterns, bringing humidity and seasonal monsoon rains. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with rice paddies and coconut groves dominating the rural areas immediately outside the urban limits. While not directly within a major industrial belt, Kesavapuram benefits from, and is potentially impacted by, the industrial activity concentrated further north along the coast towards Chennai and south towards Madurai. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, transitioning quickly from densely populated residential areas to agricultural fields. This proximity to agricultural land introduces potential sources of particulate matter from crop residue burning and fertilizer use. The lack of significant topographical features – hills or valleys – means that pollutant dispersion relies heavily on wind patterns and atmospheric stability. The town’s elevation is low, increasing its susceptibility to humidity and stagnant air conditions, which can exacerbate pollution episodes. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Kesavapuram.

Kesavapuram experiences a tropical climate, with air quality fluctuating significantly between the wet and dry seasons. The dry season, roughly from January to May, typically sees the poorest air quality. Lower humidity and stable atmospheric conditions during these months trap pollutants, particularly dust and particulate matter from construction, road traffic, and agricultural practices. February and March are often the most challenging months. The onset of the southwest monsoon in June brings a temporary improvement, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increases atmospheric humidity, suppressing dust. However, the monsoon also introduces the potential for localised flooding and increased fungal spores, impacting respiratory health. Post-monsoon, from September to November, air quality remains relatively good, though localised burning of agricultural waste can cause spikes in particulate matter. The northeast monsoon, arriving in late November and lasting through December, again improves air quality through rainfall. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season. Monitoring wind direction is also important, as pollutants can be transported from nearby agricultural burning or industrial areas. Overall, the wet seasons offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity.