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Kodikkulam, nestled in the Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the southern Indian plains. Located at approximately 9.6493° N latitude and 77.5860° E longitude, the town sits at a modest elevation, contributing to a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the region. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive rice paddies and interspersed groves of coconut and mango trees defining the rural character. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices, while vital for the local economy, introduces potential sources of air pollutants, particularly during harvest seasons when biomass burning for field clearing is common. Kodikkulam’s location isn’t directly adjacent to major rivers, though it benefits from groundwater resources crucial for irrigation. The urban–rural gradient transitions smoothly, with the town acting as a local market and service hub for the surrounding agricultural communities. While not situated within a major industrial belt, the town’s connectivity to larger regional centers like Madurai (approximately 60 km away) means it can be influenced by industrial emissions transported by prevailing winds. The relatively open terrain allows for some dispersion of pollutants, but stagnant air conditions, particularly during certain times of the year, can exacerbate localized air quality issues. The climate is hot and semi-arid, further impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant behaviour. The lack of significant topographical barriers means that pollutants from distant sources can potentially reach Kodikkulam.

Kodikkulam’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon patterns. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures and reduced rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing pollutants from dispersing vertically. Agricultural burning intensifies during this period as farmers prepare fields for the monsoon sowing season, releasing significant quantities of particulate matter. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds effectively flushing out pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the formation of ground-level ozone under certain conditions. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with a potential for localized pollution episodes if agricultural burning persists. Winter months (December-February) are generally the most favourable for outdoor activities, with cooler temperatures and more frequent wind patterns aiding in pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon months, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding areas with visible smoke. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers can also be beneficial. The interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and agricultural practices creates a dynamic air quality profile throughout the year in Kodikkulam.