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Kodikulam, a town in Tamil Nadu, India, rests at coordinates 9.9932°N, 79.2007°E, within the fertile plains of the Cauvery Delta. The town’s elevation is relatively low, characteristic of this region, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Kodikulam is situated within the Thanjavur district, a predominantly agricultural zone renowned for its rice cultivation. This intensive agriculture, while vital to the regional economy, introduces potential sources of air pollution through the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and biomass burning for residue management. The surrounding landscape is largely flat, interspersed with irrigation canals and waterways connected to the Cauvery River. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Kodikulam itself is a relatively small settlement, but is increasingly connected to larger urban centres like Thanjavur. This connectivity brings increased vehicular traffic and associated emissions. The proximity to the Bay of Bengal influences the local climate, bringing monsoon rains and humidity. However, the flat terrain and limited natural barriers can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather. Industrial activity is limited within Kodikulam itself, but the broader Thanjavur district hosts some small-scale industries, potentially contributing to regional background pollution levels. The town’s location within this agricultural heartland and its growing connectivity present unique challenges for maintaining air quality.

Kodikulam experiences a tropical climate, with air quality fluctuating significantly between the wet and dry seasons. The northeast monsoon, arriving between October and December, brings substantial rainfall, effectively washing particulate matter from the atmosphere and generally improving air quality. This period, particularly November and December, represents the most favourable time for outdoor activity. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. The dry season, from January to May, sees a gradual deterioration in air quality. Rising temperatures and reduced rainfall lead to increased dust suspension, particularly from agricultural fields. March and April are typically the worst months, exacerbated by biomass burning associated with post-harvest activities. Temperature inversions, common during calm mornings, trap pollutants near ground level. The southwest monsoon, arriving in June, offers a temporary respite, but can also bring increased humidity and potential for fungal spores. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and periods of high humidity. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; winds from agricultural areas can carry pollutants into the town. Avoiding peak hours for travel and utilizing respiratory protection during dusty periods are recommended.