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Kottaiyūr, nestled in the Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Kaveri Delta, a fertile and densely populated region. Located at approximately 10.1096° N latitude and 78.7956° E longitude, the town sits on relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the deltaic plains formed by the Kaveri River. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive rice paddies and other crops dominating the rural areas extending outwards. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices contributes to localized air quality concerns, particularly related to biomass burning during harvest seasons. Kottaiyūr’s elevation is low, generally below 30 meters, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, especially during periods of temperature inversion. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the town benefits from the Kaveri’s influence, impacting local humidity and weather patterns. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with agricultural fields bordering residential areas. The town’s regional position, within a larger agricultural belt and relatively close to the industrial zones of Tiruchirappalli, means it experiences a mixture of agricultural and industrial pollution sources. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially hindering the dispersion of pollutants. The deltaic soil composition, often rich in clay, can also influence particulate matter suspension during dry periods and wind events, further impacting air quality. The overall geographic setting presents a complex interplay of factors influencing the local atmospheric environment.

Kottaiyūr’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry seasonal pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributed to increased agricultural burning as farmers clear fields after the harvest, releasing significant amounts of smoke and ash into the atmosphere. The lack of rainfall during this period allows these pollutants to persist, and temperature inversions, common during calmer nights, can trap pollutants close to the ground. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return of drier conditions, potentially leading to a renewed rise in pollution levels. During the cooler months (December-February), while temperatures are relatively mild, fog can form, particularly in the mornings, contributing to localized air quality degradation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and considering the use of air purifiers indoors. Agricultural workers should be particularly vigilant regarding exposure to smoke and particulate matter during harvest and burning activities. Maintaining good ventilation and avoiding strenuous activity during peak pollution episodes is advisable for all residents.